In this paper, laboratory experiments and simulations of essential process steps in glass melting will be presented. The methods to be discussed, include: 

• Simulation of evaporation of volatile metal component from hot glass melts
• Evolved gas analysis (EGA) of sulphate containing batches and glass melts
• In-situ observation of batch melting and gas bubble behaviour
• Examination of the attack of gas-contact refractories by aggressive flue gas components

The presentation will then focus on the relevant processes, affecting the refractories in glass melting furnaces. Special attention will be paid to the consequences of furnace operation with low NOx and high CO-levels in the flue gases on the long-term refractory behaviour in regenerators of glass melting furnaces.
On the basis of both experimental and simulation results, practical recommendations can be given for optimum selection of refractory types and for process-related measures to reduce the attack of superstructure and regenerator refractories.

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